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George M. Robeson
George Maxwell Robeson (March 16, 1829 – September 27, 1897) was an American Republican Party politician, lawyer from New Jersey, Union army general during the American Civil War, Secretary of the Navy appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant serving from 1869 to 1877, and U.S. Representative for New Jersey serving from 1879 to 1883 . Robeson's seven years as Secretary of Navy was second in time in office length only to Sec. Gideon Welles's tenure during the 19th Century. Robeson was known to be a hot tempered industrious administrator and through his departmental leadership was able to contain the established Naval officer hierarchy. Having limited Congressional funding, Robeson supported and developed the early stages of submarine and torpedo technology in keeping U.S. harbors safe from foreign attack and secured $50,000 in Congressional funding for the 1871 Polaris expedition led by Capt. C. F. Hall. Robeson headed the investigation concerning the controversial death of Capt. Hall after the return of the shipwrecked Polaris crew in 1873. Robeson supported President Grant and the Radical Republican Reconstruction laws that supported the citizenship and voting rights of African American freedmen. In 1874, Robeson responded to the naval threat imposed by Spain during the Virginius Affair; having implemented U.S. Naval resurgence; however Congress refused to pay for the completion of the five new ships. Robeson was the subject of two Congressional investigations in 1876 and 1878 concerning profiting and bribery charges from ship building contracts, but was exonerated for lack of material evidence. Robeson served briefly as both Secretary of Navy and as ad interim Secretary of War after Secretary of War William W. Belknap abruptly resigned in 1876.
Robeson, a native of New Jersey, graduated from Princeton University at the young age of 18. Robeson studied law and passed the bar in 1850. Practicing law, Robeson diligently worked his way through the legal profession and in 1858 he was appointed public prosecutor for Camden County. During the American Civil War Robeson associated with the Republican Party and was a member of the New Jersey Sanitary Commission . Appointed Brigadier General by Governor Charles S. Olden, Robeson worked to recruit enlistments to fight for the Union. After the war in 1867, Robeson was appointed New Jersey Attorney General by Gov. Marcus L. Ward. Robeson, as Attorney General, gained national attention after successfully prosecuting Bridget Durgan for the brutal murder of Mrs. Coriell. Supported by New Jersey Senator A.G. Cattell, Robeson was appointed Secretary of Navy by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869 after Sec. Adolph E. Borie had resigned office.
In March 1877, Robeson's Secretary of Navy term of office ended. In a speech to his former Navy Department staff at his Washington D.C. home Robeson admitted that during his tenor he made mistakes, but the U.S. Navy had made significant advancements. Robeson was later elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in both 1878 and 1880. Robeson's grandfather was George C. Maxwell and he was nephew of John Patterson Bryan Maxwell, both having represented New Jersey in the House of Representatives. As U.S. Representative for New Jersey, Congressman Robeson served as minority leader of the Republican Party. Defeated from office by Democrat Thomas M. Ferrell in a bitter highly contested 1882 election campaign Robeson was left $60,000 in debt and forced to sell his Washington D.C. property. As a result of Robeson's financial trouble, his wife and family abandoned him traveling abroad. Robeson moved to Trenton, resumed his law practice, and lived a modest lifestyle until his death in 1897. Due to his strikingly distinguished personal traits and size, Robeson was one of the most caricatured individuals during the 19th Century by cartoonists.〔Dictionary of American Biography, p. 31〕
==Early life==
George M. Robeson was born on March 16, 1829 in Oxford Furnace, New Jersey, near Belvidere in Warren County.〔Chicago Daily Tribune (Sep 28, 1897), ''George M. Robeson Dies''〕〔Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, ''Robeson, George Maxwell (1829–1897)''〕 His father was Philadelphia Judge William P. Robeson and his mother was the daughter of U.S. Congressman George C. Maxwell, who served in the 12th U.S. Congress from 1811 to 1813 representing Hunterdon, New Jersey.〔 Robeson's family was of Scottish origin and he was a descendant of Andrew Robeson, the surveyor-general of New Jersey in 1668.〔The Biographical Dictionary of American Biography (1906), p. 38〕 Robeson was the nephew of U.S. Congressman John Patterson Bryan Maxwell.〔The Political Graveyard, ''Robeson, George Maxwell (1829–1897)''〕 Robeson gained a scholarly reputation by having graduated from Princeton University at the early age of 18 in 1847.〔 Upon graduation, Robeson studied law in Newark in Chief Justice Hornblower's law office.〔〔Biographical Dictionary of America, 138〕 Robeson graduated and was admitted to the bar in 1850.〔 Robeson was admitted as a legal counselor in 1854.〔 Robeson initially set up his law practice in Newark, but then moved his practice to Jersey City.〔 In 1858, Robeson was appointed public prosecutor for Camden County.〔
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